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Dictionary

Welcome to Dr. Saghiv's professional terms and definitions dictionary. New terms and definitions will be added on a regular basis for you to learn from and enjoy. Knowledge itself is power - use the dictionary to empower yourself.

  • ATP - Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (Chemistry, Biology, Physiology)

  • Aerobic Metabolism – the creation of energy with the presence of oxygen as part of the process; also known as Oxidative Metabolism

  • Anaerobic Metabolism – the creation of energy without the presence of oxygen as part of the process

  • Active process – occurs only if energy is invested

  • Anabolism – the biochemical process of creating a substance (not in the presentation for topic 1)

  • ​Absolute minimal/zero – defined as nothing; the numeric value of zero (0)

  • Acute – short term

  • Atmosphere – a standard measure for barometric pressure = 760 mmHg at sea level and under normal conditions

  • Absolute VO2 (AVO2) – the representation of oxygen consumption in absolute units (not divided by body weight, nor muscle mass, nor active muscle mass)
  • (a-v)O2diff – difference in the oxygen content of arterial blood vs venous blood; represent oxygen extracted from blood into tissues (mainly skeletal muscles)

  • Average person (as it pertains to fitness) – is untrained; shows the values of all people divided by the number of people (as an average is calculated methamatically)

  • Absolute strength - is a term from resistance training formula = absolute weight lifted

  • Active muscle mass – the mass of skeletal muscles that are actively engaged in movement/exercise

  • Air – A mixture of gases that include Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon-Di-Oxide, and water vapor

  • AMP - a molecule containing Adenosine and one inorganic phosphate groups. Can serve as the basis for the creation of ADP and/or ATP

  • ADP - a molecule containing Adenosine and two inorganic phosphate groups. Can serve as the basis for the creation of AMP and/or ATP

  • Anaerobic activity – an activity whereas the majority of energy is produced without oxygen. Is commonly characterized by a high energy demand in a short period of time

  • Aerobic activity – an activity whereas the majority of energy is produced with oxygen. Is commonly characterized by a low energy demand in a long period of time

  • Anaerobic Glycolysis – the catabolism of Carbohydrates without oxygen participating in the process. Occurs in the Cytoplasm of the cell with the help of anaerobic enzymes; is utilized until aerobic means of energy production can be dominant

  • Aerobic Glycolysis – the catabolism of Carbohydrates with oxygen participating in the process. Occurs in the Mitochondria of the cell with the help of aerobic enzymes

  • ATPase – Short for ATP Synthase, is a prime enzymatic complex within the ETC that is specialized in creating ATP. It uses Hydrogen ions to operate its parts that connect ADP+Pi in three steps

  • Acetyl-CoA - is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production

  • Alanine – is an Amino Acid that contains Pyruvate as one of its components, and used for the creation of Glucose (Gluconeogenesis…). It is a prime Amino Acid to be catabolized for metabolic needs, as well as when there is an abnormal breakdown of skeletal muscle (Known as Rhabdomyolysis)

  • Affinity – the tendency to bind and/or be attracted at the chemical level to another form of matter; increased affinity = more binding/connecting
  • Acidity – a chemical indication of the concentration of H+ in a solution/environment. Is indicate as a pH < 7.0

  • Anatomical super-system – while the anatomical pyramid official ends with systems, one can define two or more systems that have a common goal/function as an anatomical super system. Other examples can include cardiorespiratory; cardiopulmonary; and neuromuscular

  • Aortic Valve - the valve between the LV and the Aorta

  • Atrium – the muscular areas (chambers) of the upper part of the heart. Two Atria (plural for Atrium) exist. One on the right side, and one on the left side). They function as the corridor to the heart’s ventricles and control/assist with the process of filling the ventricle with blood

  • Afterload – the extent of resistance of the Aorta to blood being ejected into it. An indicator of the mechanical resistance of the system

  • Anoxia – complete lack of Oxygen supply (zero Oxygen supplied)

  • Angina Pectoris – the medical term for chest pain. Is a common symptom that appears as a result of cardiac clinical conditions

  • Arrhythmias – a medical term for abnormal heartbeat patterns. Usually indicative of cardiac problems. Can be lethal.

  • Actin - Myosin - a fibrous thin protein that forms (together with Myosin) the contractile filaments/elements of muscle cells and is also involved in motion in other types of cells. Actin exists in the sarcomere at a ratio of 6:1 compared to Myosin. Its structure includes binding sites for Myosin. When these sites are exposed to the Myosin filament, and Myosin is “paid” ATP, Myosin connects to the binding sites of Actin to create the Cross-Bridges and create movement and force
  • Anaerobic Threshold (AnT) - is defined as the highest sustained intensity of exercise for which measurement of oxygen uptake can account for the entire energy requirement (100%). At the AnT, the rate at which lactate appears in the blood will be equal to the rate of its disappearance

  • Aerobic endurance – the ability to sustain aerobic activity for prolonged periods of time

  • Alarm Phase - the initial phase of training, when stimulus is first recognized and performance generally decreases in response to fatigue

  • Adaptation – the process that creates changes to abilities in light of previous stimulus/stimuli
  • Altitude – the vertical distance measured (positive or negative)
  • Acute Mountain Sickness – a common response to acute and rapid exposure to extreme positive altitude. Commonly includes headaches, vomiting, tiredness, trouble sleeping, and dizziness
  • AFW lever - a class I lever; a lever that promotes movement speed over energetic efficiency by applying the effort between the axis and the resistance

  • AWF lever - Class II lever; a lever that promotes energetic efficiency over movement speed by applying the resistance between the axis and the effort

  • Agonist muscle - any muscle that can create the main specific wanted movement in a specific joint of the body. For example, the elbow flexors are a group of muscles that all can create flexion of the elbow

  • Antagonist muscle - any muscle that can create the opposite movement of the agonist/s. For example, the antagonist to the elbow flexors, is any muscle that can extend the elbow

  • Assistant muscle - muscles that help the agonist muscles work more accurately and smoothly. They can also help the agonists in ranges of motion that the agonists are ineffective or inefficient

  • Breathing cost – the amount of energy required to sustain breathing

  • Body core temperature – is a theoretical idea, that assumes the body’s temperature is the same everywhere in the body (this is incorrect). It is used to represent the body’s temperature for calculations and estimations involving the entire body

  • Bpm = beats per minute; a unit used to measure heart contractions

  • Bpm = breaths per minute; a unit used to measure breaths taken (respiratory)

  • Blood pressure – amount of mechanical pressure that one’s blood applies to the environment minus one atmosphere (BP, mmHg)

  • Bases – matter/molecules that increase a solution’s pH above 7.0. Bases are used to neutralize acids, and vice versa

  • Biophysical weights – is a term pertaining to atoms and/or molecules that are used for the weight to create a mechanical imbalance. They are commonly used to exposed binding sites by creating 3D changes to a molecule’s conformation (3D arrangement in space)  

  • Baroreceptors – biological sensors with an expertise in sensing mechanical forces

  • Breathing pattern – the combination of extent and pace of breathing

  • Bradycardia – a medical term indicating a lower than normal heart rate. Can be a natural and normal response or a possible indication of a problem with function

  • Buffering – the chemical process in which pH is somewhat or completely balanced via acids and basis

  • Bohr Effect – describes the tendency of Hemoglobin to either release (right shift) or bind (left shift) Oxygen. Discovered in 1904 by Christian Bohr

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  • Catabolism – the biochemical process of breaking down a substance

  • Cold – The lack of heat; also - the presence of low temperature

  • Cold environment – whereas the temperature of the environment is lower than that of the body

  • Central fatigue – attributed to the Brain and/or Heart as its origin

  • Concentric muscle contraction – a type of muscle contraction that develops muscle force. Characterized by the shortening of the muscle, reduced/lowest muscle force production, and muscle work whereas gravity is commonly overcome. Is defined as “dynamic muscle work” since there is a change to the muscle’s length and joint angle. The muscle will naturally produce a different extent of force as the angle of the joint changes

  • Capillary density – the amount of capillary type blood vessels per surface area and/or per muscle/muscle fiber. The greater the density, the better the oxygen supply, nutrient supply, disposal, and buffering are. Aerobic fibers tend to have a greater number of capillaries surrounding them

  • Chemoreceptors – biological sensors with an expertise in sensing chemicals

  • Cory Cycle – a metabolic cycle (pathway) within the Liver. It specializes in converting Lactate into Glucose. Thus, it is also known as the Lactic Acid Cycle of the Liver

  • Cellular respiration - is usually referred to as the use of oxygen within the cells to create energy

  • Cardiac Ischemia (Myocardial Ischemia) – insufficient blood flow specifically to the heart

  • Coronary arteries – arteries in the circumference of the heart that supply it with blood

  • Cardiac muscle mass – the mass of the heart’s muscles

  • Cardiac contraction strength – the amount of force/strength that the muscle can apply to the blood inside it

  • Cardiovascular – the combining of the terms “cardio” and “vascular” resulting in the meaning of “heart and blood vessels”

  • Calorie (cal; “small calorie”): 1 cal = the amount of energy invested in order to increase the temperature of 1 gr of air-free water by 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)

  • Cardiac Output – the amount of blood injected to the Aorta during one minute (CO, L/min)

  • Celsius temperature scale – a scale used to indicate temperature, often used outside of the USA. In this scale, temperature is measured in degrees Celsius. The scale utilizes an absolute zero and advances up/down by one degree Celsius at a time (Formula: 1 degree Celsius = 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)

  • Chronic – long term or reoccurring

  • Cardiac elastic elements – are passive components of tissue within the heart that are elastic, thus promote the heart’s ability to stretch (increase in volume/space)

  • Cardiac contractile elements – are active components of tissue within the heart that produce force, allowing to push blood out of the heart (increase SV)

  • Class I lever - a lever that promotes movement speed over energetic efficiency by applying the effort between the axis and the resistance

  • Class II lever - a lever that promotes energetic efficiency over movement speed by applying the resistance between the axis and the effort

  • Class III lever - a lever that does not promotes energetic efficiency nor movement speed by applying the resistance on one side of the axis and the effort on the other side

  • De-compression – the reduction in the air’s mechanical pressure

  • Depths – commonly regarded as below water and/or within the sea; also – the increase in negative altitude if origin is sea level

  • De-Training – the loss of the effects that training would have; The common result of not training anymore (for any reason, including injury). One could argue that while proper and healthy training leads to positive adaptations, de-training leads to negative adaptations of the lost of the positive adaptations previously gained

  • Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) – a natural response to the mechanical loading of a muscle. Results in muscle damage at the micro-level. Is considered a non-sever temporary injury to the muscle. It peaks within 24-72 hours post-exercise, and may last up to a week. Classic symptoms include muscle dull soreness, tenderness, stiffness, and aching pain. Additional symptoms include reduced power output, reduced Range of Motion (ROM), and local swelling. Pain appears the most when the muscle is directly affected and less during rest

  • Dead Physiological Space (DPS) – indicates the sum of both the Dead Anatomical Space (DAnS) and the Dead Alveolar Space (DAvS)

  • Dead – a term often used in metabolism to indicate that something is not contributing to processes that assure living or sustaining life

  • Dead Anatomical Space (DAnS) - air that does not reach the lungs; is influence by the structure (anatomy) of the airways

  • Dead Alveolar Space (DAvS) - Oxygen and CO2 that does take part in gas exchange between the lungs and the blood stream; is influenced mainly via abnormal processes that interfere with gas exchange and/or clinical reasons/diseases

  • Dyspnea – shortness of breath; indicates difficulty breathing

  • DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid - DNA is the chemical name for the molecule that carries genetic instructions in all living things

  • Distance - Distance is a numerical or occasionally qualitative measurement of how far apart objects or points are. In physics or everyday usage, distance may refer to a physical length or an estimation based on other criteria

  • Delivery – getting nutrients and oxygen nearby the cell

  • Death zone - pertains to heights greater than 8,000 m/26,000 ft

  • Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP; mmHg) – the mechanical pressure needed to cause the Aortic Valve to open and allow blood to try and flow out

  • Diastole – one of the phases of the Mechanical Cycle of the Heart, whereas the heart is not contracting (“relaxed”) and is being filled-up with blood

  • Equation: slope = vertical advancement/horizontal advancement

  • Equation:: 1 meter = 100 cm

  • Equation: 1 inch = 2.56 cm

  • Equation: 1 foot = 30.48 cm

  • Equation: 1 meter = 3.28 ft

  • Equation: rate/pace/frequency = occurrences/time

  • Equation: deficiency = uptake > intake

  • Equation: progression = load/time

  • Equation: for force generated in Concentric muscle contraction = (muscle force – resistance), whereas Fmuscle > Fresistance

  • Equation: for force generated in Eccentric muscle contraction = (muscle force + resistance), whereas Fmuscle < Fresistance

  • Equation: for force generated in Isometric muscle contraction = (muscle force – resistance), whereas Fmuscle = Fresistance

  • Equation: weight = mass × gravity; if gravity = zero, weight = zero

  • Equation: DPS = (DAnS + DAvS); Dead Physiological Space = Dead Alveolar Space + Dead Anatomical Space

  • Equation: VE = (RR × VT); Minute Ventilation = Respiratory Rate × Tidal Volume

  • Equation: EF (%) = (100 × SV)/EDV = Stroke Volume/End Diastolic Volume

  • Equation: EF (%) = 100 × (EDV-ESV)/EDV = (100 × End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume)/End Diastolic Volume

  • Equation: Efficiency = work/cost or work/energy

  • Equation: Lactate = 1 Pyruvate + 2H+

  • Equation: 2 Lactate + 4H+ = 1 Glucose

  • Equation:: 1 Alanine = 2 Pyruvate + Ammonia (gas)

  • Equation: Mile = 1.61 Kilometers (not in the presentation)

  • Equation:: Kilometer = 0.62 Miles (not in the presentation)

  • Equation: (226-age) - an equation used to estimate one’s maximal heart rate according to age; in use for women only

  • Equation: (220-age) - an equation used to estimate one’s maximal heart rate according to age; in use for women and men

  • Equation:: 1Kg = 2.2lb;

  • Equation: 1lb = 0.45Kg

  • Equation: RVO2 = AVO2/Weight; Relative Oxygen Consumption = Absolute Oxygen Consumption/Weight

  • Equation: AVO2 = RVO2×Weight; Absolute Oxygen Consumption =  Relative Oxygen Consumption × Weight

  • Equation: VO2 = CO × (a-v)O2diff; also = SV × HR × (a-v)O2diff; where SV can also be presented/calculated as (EDV-ESV)

  • Equation: SV = (EDV-ESV); Stroke Volume = (End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume)

  • Equation: Power = (Force × Distance)/Time

  • Equation: Vascular Resistance: R = 8×L×η/(π×r4). Whereas R = resistance to blood flow; L = the length of the blood vessel; η = viscosity of blood; r = radius of blood vessel

  • EDV – the amount of blood measured in the ventricle at the end of the Diastole phase

  • EDV – the amount of blood measured in the ventricle at the end of the Systole phase

  • External means – refers to means that cannot be regarded as naturally part of the body’s biology nor physiology

  • Eccentric muscle contraction – a type of muscle contraction that develops muscle force. Characterized by the lengthening of the muscle, highest muscle force production, and muscle work whereas gravity is commonly submitted to. Is defined as “dynamic muscle work” since there is a change to the muscle’s length and joint angle. The muscle will naturally produce a different extent of force as the angle of the joint changes

  • Explosive movements – commonly used slang term addressing movements that entail a great amount of force/strength in a minimal time period, causing the ratio between force/time to be high to maximal (maximal explosive power)

  • Extent of breathing – the extent of breathing as represented by Minute Ventilation (VE, L/min)

  • Ejection Fraction (%) - is an indication of cardiac efficiency and functionality; can be a clinical indicator/criterion for the diagnosis of Heart Failure

  • Energy = the ability to conduct physiological and/or biological work

  • Exhaustion = extreme fatigue with the risk of death (Physiology, Medicine, Psychology)

  • Enzymes - a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. Most enzymes are proteins that are able to accelerate reactions. Enzymes speed up reactions by at least 500,000 times, often supply the energy for the reaction, and are not catabolized nor anabolized during the reaction

  • Extraction – getting nutrients and oxygen into the cell

  • Exercise – anything that is not sleep, rest, nor death; also - activity requiring physical effort, carried out to sustain or improve health and fitness; also - a process or activity carried out for a specific purpose, especially one concerned with a specified area or skill; also - a task or activity done to practice or test a skill

  • Estimated value – a value derived from a formula and/or not based on an actual test; is most-likely not accurate

  • Electron Transport Chain (ETC) – an area within the Mitochondrion that utilizes H+ to operate the ATPase enzyme that creates ATP by connecting ADP+Pi with the energy generated from the H+

  • Electrical gradient - the result of the difference between the electrical charges of two places/molecules that leads to movement or an electrical current

  • Fatal High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) - is a fatal form of severe high-altitude illness. HAPE is a form of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema that occurs secondary to hypoxia. It is a clinical diagnosis characterized by fatigue, dyspnea, and dry cough with exertion

  • Frostbite – an extreme result of a cold environment whereas crystals form in the cell (the cell freezes, literally)

  • Fatigue = partial or complete inability to conduct physiological work 

  • Fuel storage – a term that pertains to the storage of fat and/or carbohydrates within tissue for future use in energy production. Muscles are prime storage tissue for carbohydrates in particular

  • FTRF muscle fiber – stands for Fast Twitch, Resistance to Fatigue. This fiber is known as an “anaerobic fiber”, type 2a/IIa fiber, or the “Pink fiber”. It is commonly dominantly used in relatively prolonged anaerobic activities (up to 30 minutes). While it is officially an anaerobic fiber, it has increased aerobic abilities compared to FTF fibers, yet decreased aerobic abilities compared to the STRF fiber. It produces more force that the STRF fiber yet less than the FTF fiber. It fatigues faster than the STRF fiber, yet slower than the FTF fiber

  • FTF muscle fiber – stands for Fast Twitch, Fatigue. This fiber is known as an “anaerobic fiber”, type 2b/IIb fiber, or the “white fiber”. It is commonly dominantly used in very short anaerobic activities (up to 60 seconds). It has the greatest anaerobic abilities compared to other fibers, and the least aerobic abilities.  It fatigues the fastest while producing the greatest power of all three fibers

  • Fused Tetanus – a tetanus created without any relaxation between recruitments. Also known as a “Complete Tetanus”. Such Tetanus is sustained, thus lasts longer

  • Frank-Starling Law - states that the stroke volume of the left ventricle will increase as the left ventricular volume increases due to the myocyte (heart muscle cells) stretch causing a more forceful systolic contraction. This assumes that other factors remain constant. According to the Frank-Starling Law, a linear relationship exists between venous return, end diastolic volume (EDV), and cardiac contraction force. As a result, a linear relationship exists between venous return and SV

  • Friction – is a mechanical force. The resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another; also - the action of one surface or object rubbing against another

  • FAD+/NAD+ - are co-enzymes, or molecules, found in all living cells, and plays a vital role in aerobic energy metabolism and maintaining proper cell functioning. They are particularly crucial for the functioning of our Mitochondria

  • Frequency (f, bpm) – number of breaths per minute. Variable represents rate/pace or work

  • Force - strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement; also - an influence tending to change the motion of a body or produce motion or stress in a stationary body. The magnitude of such an influence is often calculated by multiplying the mass of the body by its acceleration; also - the powerful effect of something

  • Fahrenheit temperature scale – a scale used to indicate temperature, often used in the USA. In this scale, temperature is measured in degrees Fahrenheit. The scale utilizes relative zero (32 degrees Celsius) and advances up/down by one-degree Fahrenheit at a time

  • Fick Equation – an equation used to calculate/estimate oxygen consumption based on Cardiac Output (CO, L/min), Stroke Volume (SV, mL), Heart Rate (HR, bpm), and the extraction of oxygen from arterial blood in to the muscles [(a-v)O2diff]

  • FAW lever - a class III lever; a lever that does not promotes energetic efficiency nor movement speed by applying the resistance on one side of the axis and the effort on the other side

  • Gas poisoning – a harmful process, whereas various injuries can occur due to the accumulation of gases that are poisonous at high concentrations

  • Genetic athletic advantage – also known as an athletic muscular advantage. Commonly presented in athletes, whereas their muscle fiber make-up gives them an aerobic or anaerobic advantage by having a higher percentage of a certain type of muscle fibers compared to the general population. An average of 2% of college/university athletes advance to the professional level

  • Gas exchange area – an area in the body whereas partial pressure gradients cause gases to change their place with another gas. Such areas, naturally exist in our body near the lungs and all active tissue. A common gas exchange is between Oxygen and Carbon Di Oxide

  • Gradient – the difference in a measured unit between two different ends of a phenomenon; The outcome of the gradient is movement of fluids, gasses, forces, electricity, and energy

  • Genes - a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring; also - a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, the order of which determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule which a cell (or virus) may synthesize

  • Glycolysis pathway (system) – the metabolic breakdown of carbohydrates (commonly Glucose and Glycogen). Glycolysis can be achieved aerobically and/or anaerobically. Aerobic Glycolysis produces more energy from the same molecule catabolized (known as a substrate)

  • Gluconeogenesis – the creation of “new Glucose” by metabolic means (Gluco = Glucose; neo = new; genesis = creation). Several metabolic options exist that result in the creation of Glucose molecules (as opposed to catabolizing them). This process is crucial for normal function, and supplementation of carbohydrates in-light of exercise

  • Glycogen – is a long chain-like carbohydrate; it commonly includes 1,000-50,000 unit of Glucose; is one of the major fuels for the Glycolysis process

  • High-Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE) - is a medical condition in which the brain swells with fluid because of the physiological effects of traveling to a high altitude. It generally appears in patients who have acute mountain sickness and involves disorientation, lethargy, and nausea among other symptoms

  • Homeostasis - the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes

  • Hypothermia – an abnormally low core temperature. Can be a natural response or indicative of danger

  • Hydration – the process of fluid intake; commonly refers to water intake

  • High Frequency Shivering – shivering at a high pace of occurrence; uses Glucose as the fuel; If often used to create heat and increase the local body temperature

  • Heart Rate – number of heart contractions per minute (HR, bpm)

  • Hyperthermia – an abnormally high core temperature. Can be a natural response or indicative of danger

  • Heat - The quantity of energy transferred as heat

  • Hot environment – whereas the temperature of the environment is greater than that of the body

  • Hypothalamus gland - The hypothalamus is a small but important area in the center of the brain. It plays an important role in hormone production and helps to stimulate many important processes in the body and is located in the brain, between the pituitary gland and thalamus. The hypothalamus acts as the connector between the endocrine and nervous systems to achieve this. It plays a part in many essential functions of the body such as: body temperature; thirst; appetite and weight control; emotions; sleep cycles; sex drive; childbirth; blood pressure and heart rate; production of digestive juices; and balancing bodily fluids

  • Healing - a return to a normal state of health, mind, or strength after being injured; has a clear clinical aspect to the process

  • Hypoventilation – reduced rate of breathing. Can be either a normal response or a clinical sign

  • Hemoglobin (Hb) – a protein carried within RBCs, that specializes in transporting Oxygen and/or Carbon Di Oxide. It consists of four (4) Heme sub-units that have a Ferron (Fe+3) atom in the middle. The Ferron connects to the Oxygen and/or Carbon Di Oxide. Hemoglobin is a prime determinant of oxygen supply to tissue

  • Hypertrophy – a professional term indicative of the increase in a tissue's mass

  • Hyperventilation – elevated rate of breathing. Can be either a normal response or a clinical sign

  • Hypoxia – insufficient Oxygen supply

  • Hostile environment – one which puts our life at risk

  • Hypertension (HTN, mmHg) – a medical term indicating abnormally high blood pressure; can be associated with health problems and clinical conditions

  • H2CO3 – Carbonic Acid – the chemical result of Carbon Di Oxide dissolving in water. It binds both H+ and CO2 into one molecule, decreasing acidity

  • Inwards gradient – refers to the direction of matter/energy movement a gradient creates. In this case, into the body (accumulation/gain)

  • Intensity (%) – the relative physiological challenge applied to the body

  • Intra-Ventricular Septum – is a muscular division (often referred to as a “wall”) between the two ventricles of the heart; is a good predictor of cardiac contraction force that in-turn, is an indicator of SV

  • Innervation – a medical term indicative of the supply of nerves to tissue

  • Interval Training – a training method that includes changes in pace. While utilizing this method, an interval includes a period of time whereas high intensity is applied, followed by a period of time whereas a reduced intensity is applied

  • Isometric muscle contraction – a type of muscle contraction that develops muscle force. Characterized by the lack of change in muscle length, medium muscle force production, and muscle work whereas gravity is commonly overcome. Is defined as “static muscle work” since there is no change to the muscle’s length nor joint angle. The muscle tends to produce the same extent of force for a while until fatigue may set-in. Tends to elevate blood pressure greatly in a localized manner

  • Isotonic muscle contraction – a type of muscle contraction that develops muscle force. Characterized by a constant muscle tone/tension (as a mechanical force) throughout the range of motion. Is regarded as a dynamic form of muscle work since there is change to the muscle’s length and change to the angle of the joint

  • Injury – while many definitions may exist for the term injury, in my opinion, knowledge accumulated in Pathophysiology leads to a simple definition – any abnormal process that leads to reduce and/or lack of normal cell function

  • Involuntary muscles - Involuntary muscles are muscles that cannot be controlled by will or conscious. There function is mostly dedicated to the movement of matter. They are known as smooth muscle since they look relatively smoother than skeletal muscles under a microscope. The heart is regarded as an involuntary muscle, though it looks different from both smooth muscles and skeletal muscles

  • Ischemia – insufficient blood supply

  • Krebs Cycle – an area within the cell’s Mitochondrion that utilizes Acetyl-CoA to create energy and free H+, it is the second phase of the aerobic pathway and/or the first within the Mitochondrion

  • Kilo-Calorie (Kcal): 1 Kcal = the amount of energy invested in order to increase the temperature of 1,000 gr (1 Kilogram) of air-free water by 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)

  • Karvonen Method - a method used to calculate/estimate exercise intensity; uses a   relative zero (Heart Rate at rest) and does complies perfectly with actual human physiology; this method uses the idea of the “reserve” to achieve its goal

  • Low Frequency Shivering – shivering at a low pace of occurrence; uses fat as the fuel

  • LDHA and LDHB – are enzymes that convert Pyruvate into Lactate, and vise versa. These enzymes are central in anaerobic energy production post-Glycolysis

  • Load = 1) physiologically: anything that challenges the body physiologically 2) mechanically – anything producing weight or any other mechanical for applied to the body

  • Left Shift (of the association dissociation curve) – is a theoretical idea, whereas PaO2 decreases, causing Hemoglobin to bind (not release or connect with) Oxygen

  • Lipolysis – the process of fat catabolism (Fatty Acids)

  • Lactate - a salt or ester of lactic acid; is the result of anaerobic metabolism; chemically, is the result of the anabolism of Pyruvate and 2H+

  • Lever - a simple tool used to overcome resistance or load. The lever overcomes resistance by applying force onto an arm, connected to an axis that allows movement

  • Muscle fiber diameter – an indication of the cross-section of the fiber. A positive linear relationship exists between fiber cross-section diameter and force production

  • Muscle activation – the process whereas via neural impulse, a skeletal muscle is stimulated to work

  • Muscle fiber “make-up” – pertains to the mixture of muscle fiber types within an entire muscle or can be related to the entire body. Addresses the number/percentage of each type of fiber. As a result, a muscle may be referred to as “mostly aerobic”, “undifferentiated” (50:50 split between anaerobic and aerobic fibers), or “mostly anaerobic”. Naturally, people have an overall make-up of a 50:50 split

  • Muscle fiber types – a term used to differentiate between muscle fibers of different characteristics. Generally, it is agreed that three prime muscle fiber types exist, though the number of types actually depends on how a type is defined. Muscle fiber types are commonly characterized according to their “color”, type, and/or power production and sensitivity to fatigue

  • Muscle shortening – the movement of the contractile elements of the Sarcomere towards each other (not in the presentation)

  • Muscle lengthening – the movement of the contractile elements of the Sarcomere away from each other (not in the presentation)

  • Molecule binding sites – are surface areas on molecules, that when exposed (positioned in a certain way/conformation), allow other molecules to chemically bind to them. They are extremely important to function and chemical reactions

  • Myosin - a fibrous thick protein that forms (together with Actin) the contractile filaments/elements of muscle cells and is also involved in motion in other types of cells. Myosin connect to Actin to create Cross-Bridges (the physical connection between the two), which allow relative motion of the two compared to each other and the creation of force by the Sarcomere

  • Medulla-Oblongata and Pons (Myelencephalon) - is the lower half of the brainstem continuous with the spinal cord. The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting, and vasomotor centers regulating heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure

  • Minute Ventilation (VE; L/min) - Amount of air displaced between inhalation and exhalation per minute. The mathematical outcome of (f × VT)

  • Mechanical respiration - usually refers to the gross mechanism of breathing; includes mainly the lungs, and respiratory skeletal-muscles

  • Myocardial Infraction (MI) – is the damage to cardiac muscle that can lead to a heart attack

  • Mitral Valve - the valve between the LA and LV of the heart

  • Mechanical Cycle of the Heart – describes the mechanical changes in pressure during one cycle of the hearts function (one beat and/or one contraction and/or one creation of SV). The cycle can also be used to explain Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg), Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg), and Pulse Pressure (mmHg)

  • Metabolic pathway – a biochemical set of reactions (pathway) that can be either linear or circular. Course focuses on metabolic pathways dedicated to the creation of energy in the cell

  • Metabolic dominancy – indicates that a certain metabolic pathway is producing most of the energy (more than the others individually)

  • Myoglobin - a protein within muscle cells, that specializes in transporting Oxygen and/or Carbon Di Oxide. It consists of one (1) Heme sub-unit that has a Ferron atom in the middle. The Ferron connects to the Oxygen and/or Carbon Di Oxide. Myoglobin is a prime determinant of Oxygen extraction and Carbon Di Oxide disposal to/from the muscle

  • Maximal Cellular Aerobic capacity – greatest metabolic ability to produce energy via means of the aerobic metabolic pathway. Also known as oxidative capacity, oxygen update, aerobic output

  • Mitochondrion (plural: Mitochondria) – an organelle within the cell that specializes in aerobic processes, mainly aerobic energy production. Main parts include the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

  • Muscle mass – the mass of all skeletal muscles in the body

  • Metabolic Equivalent (MET) – a standardized measure of oxygen consumption at rest; also used to compare relative oxygen consumption of exercises to rest; is equal to 3.5 mL/Kg/min; represents oxygen consumption at 0% intensity

  • Mammal - any member of the group of vertebrate animals in which the young are nourished with milk from special mammary glands of the mother (shortened definition)

  • Maximal – 100%; highest true ability/value possible

  • mmHg – millimeters of Mercury; mercury has great advantages as the indicator of mechanical pressure and temperature. Thus, it was/is used for presenting temperature and pressure

  • Max Method – a method used to calculate/estimate exercise intensity; uses an absolute zero and does not comply with actual human physiology

  • Mechanical pressure gradient - the result of the difference between two areas with a different amount of mechanical pressure that leads to movement

  • Mechanical advantage (MA) of a lever - the mathematical ratio between the lever's effort arm and the lever's resistance arm. The mechanical advantage of a lever represents the lever's energetic efficiency level. If the MA < 1.0, the lever promotes speed and inefficiency. If the MA > 1.0, the lever promotes energetic efficiency at the expense of movement speed. If the MA = 1.0, the lever does not promote speed nor energetic efficiency more than the other

  • Negative altitude - the vertical distance measured downward (commonly addressed as below sea level)

  • Non-Shivering Thermogenesis – the creation of heat without using shivering as one of the means. Commonly achieved by the catabolism of Brown Adipocytes (Brown fat cells)

  • Neural conductance – an indicator of how fast/slow does a neural impulse travel from origin (the neurologic system) to the target tissue

  • Narrowed blood vessel – a blood vessel that its diameter (inner radius) is decreased either all-around or enough to create turbulent blood flow

  • Norm chart – a table used to show values of a certain measurement as expected according to sex/gender and age

  • Neutralizer muscle - a muscle that is activated in order to oppose and eliminate an unwanted movement of another muscle. In order to eliminate another muscle's internal rotation, a neutralizer muscle will be activated to create external rotation in the same joint

  • Outwards gradient - refers to the direction of matter/energy movement a gradient creates. In this case, away from the body (disposal/loss)

  • Over-training – the result (not the method itself) of improper training (as a multifactorial process). Over-training should never be the goal of the training process. Over-training is within itself, a form of injury. The two prime results of over-training are de-training (regression) and injury

  • Over-reaching – the result of doing physically more than one should, yet without inducing over-training. May result in DOMS. Commonly a short-term occurrence, perhaps a single occurrence, that does not result in severe injury

  • Over-Training Phase – may occur at any point of the training process if the ratio of loading to actual ability is unhealthy (too high). Performance can be further suppressed and over-training syndrome can result. Over-training withholds the “promise” of de-training and is considered a form of injury within itself

  • Onset Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA) - the point in which Lactate accumulates at an accelerated rate (non-linear). OBLA is traditionally around the 4.0 mmol concentration of Lactate. OBLA has been suggested as a reliable predictor of aerobic performance on multiple occasions

  • Oxygen delivery-extraction natural ratio – is a mathematical ratio, naturally defined by the number of Heme sub-units in Hemoglobin compared to that of Myoglobin (4:1 = 25%). This ratio represents an average person’s ratio of extraction of oxygen from blood into the cell.

  • Oxygen Association and Dissociation Curve – a curve that presents Hemoglobin’s tendency to release or bind Oxygen according to PaO2

  • 1RM (One RM) - is the resistance you can complete 1 whole movement with “and no more” (may increase or decrease); represents maximal RT intensity

  • Oxygen consumption – the amount of oxygen assumed as used by the body; measure in L/min or mL/Kg/min

  • Positive altitude - the vertical distance measured upward (commonly addressed as above sea level)

  • Protein denaturation – the loss of a protein’s functional 3D conformation (arrangement in space). Commonly cause due to increased core temperature, resulting in the protein being distorted and losing function

  • “Pseudo-chills” – the abnormal response of an over-heated nervous system, whereas the body reacts as if it is in a cold environment, while it is actually in a hot environment

  • Physiological heat production – the process in which natural physiological processes are hormonally activated and directed to produce heat

  • Prevention - the action of stopping something from happening or arising

  • Progression Principle of Training – whereas progression in one’s ability depends upon the extent of stimulus. Progression is the result of the relationship between loading and time. Positive progression is healthy and does not result in injury, while negative progression is unhealthy and will result in injury (regression). When the ratio is high, substantial gain is seen fast, at a high risk of injury; When the ratio is low, non-substantial gain is seen, at a low risk of injury

  • Peripheral fatigue - attributed mainly to the skeletal muscles as its origin

  • Parasympathetic input – neural input generated by the Parasympathetic Nervous System. is responsible for the body's rest and digestion response when the body is relaxed, resting, or feeding. It basically undoes the work of sympathetic division after a stressful situation

  • Pneomotoxic Center of the Brain – the center in the brain that is completely in-charge of all aspects of respiration/breathing. It is also called the Respiratory Center). It resides in the Medulla-Oblongata and Pons within the brainstem. It is the sole activator and regulator of the respiratory skeletal muscle

  • Pace of breathing – pertains to how fast/slow one breathes (Respiratory rate; Respiratory frequency, bpm)

  • Pores - holes within a tissue

  • Passive process – occurs without the investment of energy

  • Parallel blood flow – also known as “linear blood flow”. Is regarded as “healthy” and normal blood flow within a blood vessel, which is parallel to the vessel’s inner wall

  • Peripheral resistance – the mechanical resistance to blood flow generated by the peripheral blood vessels

  • Pulse Pressure (PP) - The BP gradient that propels blood through the system; formula: PP = (SBP-DBP)

  • Preload – the extent of ventricle stretch before ventricle contraction. An indicator of the mechanical force accumulated in the ventricle prior to ejecting the blood out

  • Pulmonary Valve - the valve between the RV and the Pulmonary Vein

  • Pulmonary Circuit – the collection of blood vessels that transport blood to the lungs to be oxygenized (increase the Oxygen content of the blood). It circulates blood from the Right Ventricle (RV) of the heart to the Left Atrium (LA) of the heart

  • pH – a scale that measures a solution’s concentration of Hydrogen, characterizing it as acidic or base

  • Partial pressure – the relative pressure applied to the environment (in our course we focus on gases)

  • partial pressure gradient – a gradient that differences in the partial pressure of gases, create movement of gas from one place to another

  • PO2 – an abbreviation commonly used to indicate the partial pressure of Oxygen and/or the amount of the gas dissolved in the blood

  • PaO2 - an abbreviation commonly used to indicate the partial pressure of Oxygen and/or the amount of the gas dissolved in arterial blood

  • PCO2 – an abbreviation commonly used to indicate the partial pressure of Carbon Di Oxide and/or the amount of the gas dissolved in the blood

  • Proteolysis – the process of protein catabolism (Amino Acids)

  • Phosphogenic Pathway (ATP-CP system) – a metabolic pathway within the cell that creates energy anaerobically. It utilizes anaerobic enzymes to create ATP from ADP and an inorganic Phosphate group removed from Creatine. It is regarded as an anaerobic a-lactic pathway, since it does not create lactic acid. Is perfect for instincts and reflexes

  • Pyruvate – a carbohydrate containing three Carbon atoms; is the basis for the creation of Lactic Acid, Alanine, and Glucose; in some reactions, it is the product of the catabolism of Lactic Acid, Alanine, and Glucose

  • Pyruvate Junction – a term that represents an imaginary chemical junction, whereas Pyruvate is created and can either react with oxygen or with Hydrogen particles

  • Poor fitness – an estimation or diagnosis relating to a person's fitness level as lower than average

  • Proteins - A protein is a naturally occurring, extremely complex substance that consists of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds. Proteins are present in all living organisms and include many essential biological compounds such as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

  • Peak – highest value observed as of late; not necessarily the same as maximal

  • Prime mover muscle - the muscle that without its work the main wanted movement will not occur; usually the biggest agonist to the main wanted movement (yet not always)

  • Respiration – the process of breathing that includes mainly inhalation and exhalation

  • Recovery - a return to a normal state of health, mind, or strength (not necessarily post-injury). For example: if a person recovers from exercise and exercise-induced fatigue (non-clinical), their recovery is not perceived as clinical

  • Reversibility Principle of Training - is a concept that states when you stop working out, you lose the effects of training. It is sometimes referred to as the ''use it or lose it'' principle

  • Resistance Phase – the second phase, in which adaptation occurs and the system is returned to baseline or, in most instances, elevated above baseline

  • Resistance – any force created that opposes the work of the body (usually addressing the skeletal muscles for analysis)

  • Recruitment - the increase in the number of muscle fibers that induce force/strength (within the same muscle; other muscles) due to a neural impulse (neural activation)

  • Refractory Period – a brief period of time (~180 milli-seconds) whereas the cell is indifferent to any additional neural impulse. Often divided to the Relative Refractory Period and the Absolute Refractory Period, that changes the extent of indifference to neural stimulation. If a cell is completely indifferent to neural stimulus, it will not respond/work for the period of time

  • Respiration – the action of breathing (in and out)

  • Right Shift (of the association dissociation curve) – is a theoretical idea, whereas PaO2 increases, causing Hemoglobin to release Oxygen

  • Red Blood Cells (RBCs) – cells that participate as part of the blood tissue. Amongst other functions, are crucial to our function since they carry within them the Hemoglobin protein

  • Relative strength – is a term from resistance training formula = weight lifted/body weight (or a specific indication of a sort of mass such as muscle mass)

  • Rate pf Perceived Exertion (RPE) – a subjective scale used to estimate a person’s perceived exertion. Two scales exist; also known as the Borg Scale; is used to estimate one’s intensity

  • Repetition Maximum (RM scale) – is a scale used to indicate the relative intensity of Resistance Training (RT; commonly with weights). Is specific to each person, movement, angle, and joint

  • Relative VO2 (RVO2) – the representation of oxygen consumption in relative units (divided by body weight, or muscle mass, or active muscle mass); regarded as a more accurate measure to compare between people

  • Rate – the pace in which something occurs; the ratio between occurrences and a time unit

  • Rest – a professional and physiological term: defined as lying down on your back, hands straight and parallel to the body, legs straight, breathing normally (definition not in the presentation for this topic)

  • Reserve – the mathematical difference between a person’s maximal value and the person’s minimum value. It represents a sort of “budget” that a person can utilize in the transition from rest to maximal effort. Commonly used as the Heart Rate Reserve (HRR)

  • Relative minimal/zero – the lowest value observed, not actually zero, yet used as a reference for the minimum value representing a process/phenomenon

  • Shivering – the result of a hormonal command to muscles to contract without creating movement nor in response to mechanical resistance. Is a means to exploit friction as a natural creator of heat

  • Specificity Principle of Training - derives from the observation that the adaptation of the body or change in physical fitness is specific to the type of training undertaken. In other words, this principle is the application to training of the Stimulus-Response principle. This principle is often applied for the training of certain fitness components and/or adapting the training process to the specific and personal characteristics of the athlete as a person

  • Super-Compensation Phase – The third phase whereas a new level of performance occurs in response to the adaptive response found in the second phase

  • Spinal Cord Brain/Center – a neurologic center located in the spinal cord (as opposed to the Brain itself). Spinal Cord centers are also referred to at times as “lower centers” (as opposed to the higher centers of the Brain). They are dedicated to function of the peripheral areas of the body (as opposed to central areas)

  • STRF muscle fiber – stands for Slow Twitch, Resistance to Fatigue. This fiber is known as the “aerobic fiber”, type 1 fiber, or the “Red fiber”. It is commonly dominantly used in prolonged activities whereas the majority of energy is produced aerobically. It has the greatest ability to produce aerobic energy, the lower power production, and fatigues slower/lesser, compare to the two other fiber types

  • Summation - the increase in the neural stimulus of muscle fibers or the same muscle fiber. The greater the summation the bigger the fibers that are recruited. The connection between several twitches (partial relaxation only; no full relaxation occurs between twitches)

  • Sliding Filament Theory – pertains to the theory whereas the force generated by the Sarcomere is due to Myosin and Actin “sliding” over each other. While Myosin is actually pulling Actin, from certain angles it would seem as if they are sliding

  • Sarcomere – Is the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber. Each sarcomere is composed of two main protein filaments—actin and myosin—which are the active structures responsible for muscular contraction

  • Space – a term often used in science/physiology to indicate volume; space = volume

  • Sympathetic input – neural input generated by the Sympathetic Nervous System. Directs the body's rapid involuntary responses to dangerous or stressful situations

  • Stimulus-Response Principle – the principle in which a stimulus results in a response (no response = a response for this matter); it also states that a specific stimulus results in a specific response

  • Systole - one of the phases of the Mechanical Cycle of the Heart, whereas the heart is contracting resulting in blood being ejected out into the Aorta (the creation of SV)

  • Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP; mmHg) – the mechanical pressure needed to overcome the Aorta’s resistance to flow, and actually achieve blood flow

  • Systemic Circuit – the collection of blood vessels that transport blood the Left Ventricle (LV) of the heart to tissues in demand of Oxygen and nutrients, then back to the Right Atrium (RA) of the heart (includes venous return)

  • SpO2 – a unit used to indicate the extent in which blood is saturated (out of 100%) with Oxygen. It represents Oxygen supply extent, and can be used to indicate possible clinical conditions

  • Stroke Volume - the amount of blood injected to the Aorta during one contraction of the heart/heartbeat (SV, mL)

  • Sleep - a condition of body and mind that typically recurs for several hours every night, in which the nervous system is relatively inactive, the eyes closed, the postural muscles relaxed, and consciousness practically suspended (definition not in the presentation for this topic)

  • Stabilizer muscle - any muscle that can apply its force in a way that increases the stability of a neighboring joint to allow the movement in the joint of need/choice. This muscle is not directly involved in the creation of the movement needed

  • Synergist muscle - muscles that help the agonist muscles work more accurately and smoothly. They can also help the agonists in ranges of motion that the agonists are ineffective or inefficient

  • Thermal Conduction - is the diffusion of thermal energy (heat) within one material or between materials in contact. The higher temperature object has molecules with more kinetic energy; collisions between molecules distribute this kinetic energy until thermal energy is balanced within the object or between objects

  • Thermal Radiation - is the emission of electromagnetic waves from all matter that has a temperature greater than absolute zero. Thermal radiation reflects the conversion of thermal energy into electromagnetic energy

  • Thermal Convection (convective heat transfer) - is the transfer of heat from one place to another due to the movement of fluid. Although often discussed as a distinct method of heat transfer, convective heat transfer involves the combined processes of conduction (heat diffusion) and advection (heat transfer by bulk fluid flow). Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases

  • Thermal Evaporation (a physiology-specific definition) – the loss of heat through sweat; whereas heat stored in sweat (as a liquid) is transferred/absorbed into the environment. Human sweat transfers its heat to the environment while in contact with the air/wind. Thermal evaporation is more extensive the lower the humidity is and/or the lower the content of water vapor is in the environment

  • Treatment - medical care given to a patient for an illness or injury; also - the manner in which someone behaves toward or deals with someone or something (behavioral and psychological aspects of treatment)

  • Twitch speed/time – the faster a muscle can twitch/contract, the faster is produces force/power, the more it is suitable for anaerobic activities

  • Twitch – is a response to a neural stimulus. May not be enough to be sustained or result in contraction

  • Tetanus- perfect summation that leads to maximal force development that is sustained

  • Trachea - a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe

  • Tension - In physics, tension is described as the pulling force transmitted axially; thus surface tension is the tension (a mechanical force) applied to a certain surface (such as the surface of the lungs in our body)

  • Tidal Volume (VT; mL or L) - Amount of air displaced between inhalation and exhalation per breath. Variable represents volume and/or efficiency of work

  • Turbulent blood flow – is regarded as “unhealthy” and abnormal blood flow within a blood vessel. Such flow is characterized by either diagonal flow (non-linear) and/or one that creates turbulence

  • Tachycardia – a medical term indicating a higher than normal heart rate. Can be a natural and normal response or a possible indication of a problem with function

  • Tricuspid Valve – the valve between the RA and RV of the heart

  • Triglycerides – a common form of fat as it is mainly carried in the blood stream. They are later stored as fat cells

  • Total physiological capacity – the combination of maximal aerobic capacity and maximal anaerobic capacity. Defines the absolute maximal overall physiological capacity of the body

  • Trained – a person presenting with values of fitness above average due to undergoing exercise and/or a training process

  • Target Heart Rate – the heart rate (HR, bpm) that a person should be at, in order to challenge their body at a certain intensity (%)

  • Time - the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole; also - a point of time as measured in hours and minutes past midnight or noon; also - an indefinite period

  • True value – a value measure during an actual test according to professional standards

  • Urination – the process of disposing of urine

  • Utilization – the usage of nutrients and oxygen within the cell

  • Unfused Tetanus – a tetanus created with periods of relaxation between recruitments. Also known as an “Incomplete Tetanus”. Such Tetanus is not sustained, thus has “peaks” to it

  • Vasoconstriction – the narrowing of one blood vessel or more

  • Voluntary muscles – Voluntary muscles are under conscious control and can be controlled at will or we can choose when to use them. They are also known as skeletal muscles as they are attached to the bones. Voluntary muscles are responsible for the movement of body parts and locomotion

  • Ventricles - the muscular areas (chambers) of the lower part of the heart. Two Ventricles exist. One on the right side, and one on the left side). They function as pooling area of blood in the heart, prior to being ejected out

  • Venous return – a term used to indicate blood returning to the heart after being circulated for the use of tissue; is a determinant of the next amount of blood available for future delivery (future SV)

  • VO2 – stands for Volume of Oxygen, whereas V stand for Volume, O2 stands for Oxygen. It is a unit that represents oxygen consumption (assumed oxygen utilizationVolume – a measure of space, fluids, and gas. Common units include cubic units, mL and/or L

  • Volume – a measure of space, fluids, and gas. Common units include cubic units, mL and/or L

  • Work = Distance × Force (Physics)

  • Workload – a representation of the challenge/resistance applied to the entire body or body part. In physiology – most likely is mechanical or chemical

  • WAF lever - a class III lever; a lever that does not promotes energetic efficiency nor movement speed by applying the resistance on one side of the axis and the effort on the other side

PUMPY AND PUMPINA CHILDREN'S BOOK BY DR. SAGHIV.webp

Children's Book

Pumpy & Pumpina is a children's book by Moran Sciamama-Saghiv for 2-5 year olds that teaches them about the heart. Follow the main characters, James, Pumpy, Mary, and Pumpina, as they go about their day to day life and see how their hearts are important and affect them during different activities.

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