​Rules of Nature

1. What is the first rule of nature?
   Answer: The first rule of nature is survival.
    

2. What is the role of movement in nature?
   Answer: Movement is crucial to either hunting or avoiding being hunted.
    

3. How many different ways do living forms use to avoid being hunted?
   Answer: In addition to movement, avoiding being hunted can be achieved by either being huge in size that translates to the chances of causing serious damage to the hunter, being poisonous, being invisible, or counting on the herd to keep you safe
    

4. What is the definition of “work” in physics?
   Answer: Work in physics is the outcome of multiplying force by distance
    

5. What happens in principle when work = zero?
   Answer: When biological or physiological work is zero, the risk of death becomes realistic. The longer that work stays zero the greater the chances of death to the cell, tissue, organ, and perhaps person
    

6. What is the definition of "energy"?
   Answer: Energy can be defines as the ability to conduct work
    

7. Why is energy important?
   Answer: Work must be greater than zero in order to be and stay alive. Energy is the ability to conduct work, thus, energy becomes the prime tool to being and staying alive
    

8. What is the definition of "fatigue"?
   Answer: The partial or complete inability to conduct work, making fatigue the opposite of energy by definition
    

9. What is the risk of extreme fatigue?
   Answer: Extreme fatigue withholds the risk of death
    

10. Fatigue that puts the person in a risk of death is called/termed?
    Answer: Exhaustion is a medical term not to be used easily, that is defined as life-threatening fatigue
     

11. When fatigue increases, what decreases?
    Answer: Since fatigue is the opposite of energy, the increase in fatigue results in a decrease in work conducted
     

12. How many different definitions are there for energetic efficiency? What are they?
    Answer: There are two main definitions to efficiency: 1) More for less; 2) The same for less; In both cases, efficiency is about paying less or investing less energy
     

13. Which type of metabolism is more efficient? Why?
    Answer: Comparing aerobic and anaerobic metabolism (energy production), any substrate (carbs, fat, and protein) that is catabolized with Oxygen (aerobically) will yield more energy than without. Thus, aerobic metabolism is more efficient per the definition of efficiency
     

14. Make a list of at least two reasons why cells rule function and existence
    Answer: 1) Cells are the basis of the Anatomical Pyramid - without cells there is not tissue, organs, or systems; 2) Cells create the ATP (the main form of energy used in the body as a metabolic coin) needed for function; 3) The cells host the body's DNA; DNA includes the genes that act as the blueprints for the creation of proteins; Proteins are cardinal to function; 4) Cells are capable of repairing, healing, protecting, carrying, and more; 5) Cells can divide and by that be the basis for hyperplasia (increased number of cells within a tissue)
     

15. Cells determine in an indirect way the body’s efficiency. Explain how?
    Answer: The cells' ability to create energy aerobically indirectly influences and determines the body's efficiency. The greater the percentage of energy produced aerobically, the greater the efficiency of the body
     

16. Why is structure so important to function?
    Answer: One of the basic rules of nature is that structure determines function. Thus, Anatomy determines Physiology since Anatomy is dedicated to structure, while Physiology is dedicated to function
     

17. What are the possible implications of changing the structure of a part of the body (cell, tissue, organ, system, molecule, etc.)?
    Answer: Since changing structure may lead to changes in function, the two possibilities are positive and negative changes to function. In some cases, the change to structure may not be enough to cause changes to function
     

18. Explain the Stimulus-Response Principle also called the Complementarity Principle. 
    Answer: Accordingly, stimuli result in responses. At least one stimulus is required per response. According to principle, as the body is stimulated (the body senses something), it creates a response by the body. Positive stimuli lead to positive responses, while negative stimuli lead to negative responses
     

19. What is the outcome of a change to the close environment of a living form, cell, tissue, etc.?
    Answer: Any change in the close environment that is sensed acts as a stimulus that will cause a response. The specifics depend on the nature of the stimulus, that will determine the response's nature
     

20. What are the two main types of adaptations in the body? Can you give an example for each one?
    Answer: Positive and negative. Improved fitness in light of exercise is an example of a positive coupling of stimulus and response. Reduced health in light of illness is an example of a negative coupling of stimulus and response
     

21. What is the relationship between gradients and change?
    Answer: Gradients cause change by causing movement due temperature, pressure, electrical current, molecule diffusion, and more
     

22. Why are gradients so important?
    Answer: Gradients are a means to create movement of energy, forces, molecules, and electrical currents in the body. Movement of such sorts is part of the basic function of the body
     

23. What is a likely result of a gradient? Can you give an example?
    Answer: Gradients most-likely result in movement of energy, forces, molecules, and electrical currents. For example, differences in the concentration of molecules between two ares of close proximity in the body will cause diffusion of molecules from the location of high concentration to that of low concentration (if the gradients is a passive gradient)
     

24. If the stimulus is chemical in nature, the response will most-likely be ____________ in nature (complete the sentence)
    Answer: Chemical
     

25. Higher volumes decrease efficiency; is this correct? If not, what is correct?
    Answer: This is incorrect. the greater the physiological volumes, the greater the efficiency
     

26. Higher rates decrease efficiency; is this correct? If not, what is correct?
    Answer: This is correct. The greater the physiological rates, the lower the efficiency
     

27. Comparing a baby to its mother; the baby’s volumes should be __________ compared to that of the mother’s (complete the sentence)
    Answer: Smaller. The greater the mammal, the greater the physiological volumes, and vice versa
     

28. While comparing the average woman to the average man; and based on heart rate only; the average man should live _________ than a woman (complete the sentence)
    Answer: Longer. The lower the heart rate, the longer the mammal should live (if dependent on heart rate only). Since humans are mammals and since the average man is bigger in size than the average woman, a man's heart rate will be lower in average, which translates to a longer life span (in theory)
     

29. All enzymes are proteins; is this correct?
    Answer: Incorrect. Most enzymes are enzymes, yet there are some enzymes that do not meet the definition of a protein
     

30. What are the unique characteristics of an enzyme? What are their “super-powers”?
    Answer: 1) Enzymes accelerate the occurrence of a reaction they can mediate by at least 500,000 times faster; 2) Enzymes often contribute part of all of the energy required for the reaction to occur; 3) Enzymes may change their 3D conformation temporarily, yet they ate not catabolized nor anabolized in the process
     

31. The “blueprints” for the creation of proteins are called?

      Answer: Genes. The genetic information within genes act as the instructions for the creation of proteins,      

       function, and more